%%%% theapa.sty modified by Bernard Gaulle 03/23/95 check --bg %%%%%%%%

%$$$ theapa.sty $$$  --- Version 2.5 .1(May 1992)
%    by Young U. Ryu (young@emx.utexas.edu)

% `theapa' --- `the' `a'`p'`a'.
% APA (American Psychology Association) Reference Citation for (AmS)LaTeX
%
%       - Supported by `theapa.bst' Version 2.5
%       - For Plain TeX, use `theapa.tex'.
%       - They are available from:
%               anonymous@ftp.cc.utexas.edu
%               pub/young

% Based on the {\it Publication Manual of the American Psychology Association},
% Third Edition, Fifth Printing, February 1988.

% copyright (C) 1991, 1992.
%    Young U. Ryu
% newapa.sty 2.0 - 1991.
%    Young U. Ryu
% newapa.sty - copyright (C) 1989, 1990.
%    Stephen N. Spencer
% apalike.sty - copyright (C) 1986, 1988.
%    Susan King and Oren Patashnik
% ulem.sty - copyright (C) 1989.
%    Donald Arseneau

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE READ ALL THE FOLLOWING UPDATE & TUTORIAL NOTES %
% ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^      ^^^       BEFORE YOU REQUEST IMPROVEMENTS.%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%
% List of User Commands
%
%  Citation (Auto Switch: Full -> Short)
%    - \cite, \citeA, \citeauthor, \citeyear
%  Enforce Full Citation
%    - \fullcite, \fullciteA, \fullciteauthor
%  Enforce Short Citation
%    - \shortcite, \shortciteA, \shortciteauthor
%  Change Citation Functuations
%         including Quotation Marks around Article Titles
%    - \citepunct
%  Change Citation Labels
%    - \citelabels
%  Underline instead of Italic
%    - \UnderlinedBemOnly, \UnderlinedEm
%  Reference and Bibliography Names
%    - \refname, \bibname
%  Do not Place Comma before \& in Ref. Sec. When no. of Authors = 2
%    - \NoCommaBetweenTwoAuthors

% IF YOU ARE A NEW USER, IT'S NOT NECESSARY TO READ UPDATE NOTES;
% INSTEAD, READ THE TUTORIAL NOTES.

% Version 2.5.1 Update Notes (May 1992)
%
%   - A bug in \nocite#1 is fixed.
%   - A bug in theapa.bst 2.5 is fixed.

% Version 2.5 Update Notes (April 1992)
%
%    - Citation macros are rewritten and simplified.
%         \cite, \citeA, \citeauthor
%         \fullcite, \fullciteA, \fullciteauthor
%         \shortcite, \shortciteA, \shortciteauthor
%         \citeyear
%
%      \citeB, \citeC, \fullciteB, \fullciteC, \shortciteB, and
%      \shortciteC are dropped. But, to maintain compatibility
%      with Version 2.4:
%
%          \citeB = \citeA (also full and short versions)
%          \citeC = \citeauthor (also full and short versions)
%
%    - \BUcase is dropped. It means that BibTeX always
%      changes cases of article titles.
%      Thus, \NoTitleCaseChange is dropped.
%      If you don't want to change cases of article titles,
%      see Version 2.5 Update Notes in `theapa.bst'.
%
%    - APA section heading macros are re-written.
%      \theapasectioning is dropped.
%      Refer to the Tutorial Notes [5].
%
%    - Three types of seriations are provided:
%         seriate env.
%         APAenumerate env.
%         APAitemize env.
%      Refer to the Tutorial Notes [6].

% Version 2.4 Update Notes (April 1992)
%
%    - In Ref. Sec. (not in citations):
%         ^^^^^^^^^
%              Bond, J., & Chen, S. (1983). blah blah blah
%                      ^
%      comma is placed before \BBA (i.e. usually \&) even if
%      no. of authors = 2. (a req. of APA)
%      If you don't want such commas, use command \NoCommaBetweenTwoAuthors.
%    - \cite<optional predix note>[optional postfix note]{keys}
%      is implemented.
%      The above is same as \fullcite and \shortcite.
%    - \nocite{aaa,bbb} makes following \cite{aaa}, \cite{bbb}, etc. short.
%      But, \nocite{*} does not make following \cite{...} short.

% Version 2.3 Update Notes (March 1992)
%
%    - theapa.bst 2.3 == theapa.bst 2.2
%    - A few mistakes in notes and comments are corrected.
%    - The following is updated:
%      \citeA{...}, \citeB{...}, and \citeC{...} (together with
%      full and short versions) result in:
%
%              author1, author2, and author3 (year)
%                                ^^^
%      while \cite{...} (together with full and short versions) results in:
%
%             (author1, author2, & author3, year)
%                                ^
%      The above is a requirement of the APA style.
%
%    - Thus, \citepunct changed. See note [3].
%      With \citepunct, one may change the default `&' and `and' to others.

% Version 2.2 Update Notes (March 1992)
%
%    - theapa.sty 2.2 == theapa.sty 2.1
%      But, theapa.bst is improved.
%      See update notes in `theapa.bst'.

% Version 2.1 Update Notes
%
%    \thebibliography and chapter
%             - \thebibliography generates a chapter heading
%                 when chapter is defined (e.g., report, book, etc),
%                 but \theapasectioning is not used.
%             - Note: \def\refname{Reference}
%                         `Reference' is the section title
%                     \def\bibname{Bibliography}
%                         `Bibliography' is the chapter title
%
%    Other Updates
%             - \notitlecasechange (of Version 2.0) is changed
%                to \NoTitleCaseChange for the purpose of readability.
%
%    Some Bugs Fixed
%             - \thebibliography is fixed.
%                 No more `TeX capacity exceeded' error when
%                 \theapasectioning is used

% Version 2.0 Update Notes (Nov. 1991)
%
%    `ulem.sty' (1989) by Donald Arseneau is included
%             - Underlined book titles, etc. are optionally allowed.
%             - The general replacement of emphasized texts by
%               underlined texts is optionally allowed.
%             - See note [7] B.
%
%    Same author, different years
%             - \cite{Apt,MinA,MinB,Bond}
%               ===> (Apt, 1989; Minsky, 1967, 1983; Bond, 1991)
%             - \citeB{Apt,MinA,MinB,Bond}
%               ===> Apt (1989), Minsky (1967, 1983), Bond (1991)
%             - \citeC{Apt,MinA,MinB,Bond} or \citeauthor{Apt,MinA,MinB,Bond}
%               ===> Apt, Minsky, Bond
%
%    Automatic switch from full cites to short cites
%             - According to the APA manual, the very first citation of
%               a reference item requires the full list of authors; but
%               following citations of the same reference item require
%               the short list of authors.
%             - \cite, \citeA, \citeB, \citeC (or \citeauthor)
%               ===> switches from full to short cites automatically
%             - \fullcite, \fullciteA, etc.
%               ===> enforces full citations
%             - \shortcite, \shortciteA, etc.
%               ===> enforces short citations
%             - note: \citeyear ===> (year, year, ...)
%                     There are no full or short versions of \citeyear
%
%    Case changing option for article titles.
%             - See note [7] A.
%
%    Quotation marks around article titles
%             - Though the APA manual does not suggest to place
%               double quotation marks around article titles,
%               some people like it.
%             - In that case, a comma (or period) following article
%               titles must be placed inside quotation marks.
%             - It can be done by `\citepunct'.
%               See note [3].
%
%    Some Bugs Fixed
%             - \theapasectioning replaces for \newapasectioning
%             - \paragraph replaces for \a@paragraph
%             - \subparagraph replaces for \a@subparagraph

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% SEE THE FOLLOWING TUTORIAL NOTES.
%   1 - theapa.bst and \bibitem entry
%   2 - citation formats
%   3 - changing citation functions (if you want)
%   4 - changing citation labels (if you want)
%   5 - enforcing APA style section heading (if you want)
%   6 - APA style seriations
%   7 - notes (including things not implemented and to be implemented)
%
%%%%%
% [0] Three Parts
%
% This file consists of three parts:
%   Part I   - APA Style Citation
%   Part II  - Optional APA Style Section Heading and Seriation
%   Part III - Underline Stuff
%
%   - Part I and Part II are completely independent.
%   - If one does not declare \UnderlinedBemOnly or \UnderlinedEm,
%     Part I and Part III are independent.
%   - If one replaces \ULine in Part II with \underbar (or \underline)
%     Part II and Part III are independent.
%
%   - You may remove independent parts without affecting others.
%
%%%%%
% [1] theapa.bst and \bibitem entry
%
% The ``theapa.bst'' BibTeX bibliography style creates references with labels:
%       \protect\BCAY{full author list}{abbrev. author list}{year}
%
%%%%%
% [2] Citation Formats
%
% The citations are enclosed within parentheses ``( ... )''
%     as default. But one may change them using \citepunct.
% Short author lists use the ``et al.'' construct.
% These labels are processed by the following LaTeX commands:
%
%%%
% \cite<optional prefix note>[optional notes]{Key(s)}
%     -> (prefix note Authors, Year, optional notes)
%     For example: \cite<e.g.\ see>[p.~32]{Apt88}
%                       => (e.g. see Apt, 1988, p. 32)
%     -> automatically switches from \fullcite to \shortcite
% \citeA[optional notes]{keys}
%     -> automatically switches from \fullciteA to \shortciteA
% \citeB[optional notes>{keys}
%     = \citeA
% \citeauthor{key}
%     -> automatically switches from \fullciteauthor to \shortciteauthor
% \citeC{keys}
%     = \citeauthor{keys}
% \citeyear[optional notes]{key(s)} -> (Year1, Year2, ...)
%
%%%
% \nocite{aaa,bbb} makes following \cite{aaa}, \cite{bbb}, etc.
%     short citations.
% \nocite{*} does not make following \cite{...}, etc. short citations.
%                 ^^^
%%%
% \fullcite<optional prefix note>[optional notes]{Key(s)}
%     -> (prefix note Authors1, Year1; Authors2, Year2; ..., optional notes)
% \fullciteA[optional notes]{keys}
%     -> Authors1 (Year1), ..., AuthorsN (YearN, optional notes)
% \fullciteB[optional notes]{keys}
%     = \fullciteA[optional notes]{keys}
% \fullciteauthor{keys}
%     -> Authors1, Authors2, ...
% \fullciteC{keys}
%     = \fullciteauthor
%
%%%
% The difference between `\shortciteXXX' and `\fullciteXXX':
% is that `\shortciteXXX' gives `First author et al.'
% if no. authors >= 3.
%    
% \shortcite<optional prefix note>[optional notes]{Key(s)}
%     -> (prefix note Short Authors1, Year1; ..., optional notes)
% \shortciteA[optional notes]{keys}
%     -> Short Authors1 (Year1), ..., Short AuthorsN (YearN, optional notes)
% \shortciteB[optional notes]{keys}
%     = \shortciteA[optional notes]{keys}
% \shortciteauthor{keys}
%     -> Short Authors1, Short Authors2, ...
% \shortciteC{keys}
%     = \shortciteauthor
%
%%%%%
% [3] Changing Citation Punctuations
%
% \citepunct{open paren}%
%           {between authors in parenthesis and ref. sec}%
%           {between authors in text}%
%           {between author(s) and year}%
%           {between citations}%
%           {before notes}%
%           {closing paren}%
%           {open quote for article titles}%
%           {closing quote for article titles}
%
% For example,
%   \citepunct{[}{and}{\&}{ }{, }{: }{]}{``}{,''}
%        - use square brackets
%          `and' between authors in parenthesis and ref. sec.
%          '&' between authors in text
%          space between author and year
%          comma between citations
%          comma before notes
%     e.g. [Apt and van Emden 1986, Lloyd 1985: Notes]
%     e.g. Apt & van Emden [1986]
%        - ``article title,''  (in double quote marks and comma in them)
%
% The default is:
%   \citepunct{(}{\&}{and}{, }{; }{, }{)}{}{.}
%
% Notice spaces around punctuations in \citepunct!!!
%
% In Ref. Sec, a comma is placed before \&, even if no. of authors = 2.
% \NoCommaBetweenTwoAuthors
%      removes such commas in Ref. Sec.
%      But, a comma will be still placed before \& if no. of authors >= 3.
%
%%%%%
% [4] Changing Citation Labels
%
% \citelabels{editor label}%
%            {editors label}%
%            {volume label}%
%            {number label}%
%            {edition label}%
%            {page label}%
%            {pages label}%
%            {chapter label}%
%            {tech. rep. label}
%
% For example,
%   \citelabels{, editor}{, editors}{Volume}{Number}{edition}%
%              {page}{pages}{chapter}{Technical report}
%
% The default is:
%   \citelabels{ (Ed.)}{ (Eds.)}{Vol.}{No.}{edition}%
%              {p.}{pp.}{chap.}{Tech.\ rep.}
%
% Notice spaces around lables in \citelabels!!!
%
%%%%%
% [5] Enforcing APA Style Section Heading 
%
%  A. Place one of the following between \documentstyle[...]{...}
%     and \begin{document}:
%
%        \OneLevelHeading    \TwoLevelHeading   \TwoLevelHeadingA
%        \ThreeLevelHeading  \FourLevelHeading  \FiveLevelHeading
%
%     to enforce APA style section heading.
%
%     Read the following notes to understand what they do.
%
%  B. The follow 5 levels of APA section headings are defined
%       \levelone{...}
%             ^^^   Normalsize, Centered, Uppercase, Boldface
%       \leveltwo{...}
%             ^^^   Normalsize, Centered, Boldfaced
%       \levelthree{...}
%             ^^^^^ Normalsize, Centered, Underlined
%       \levelfour{...}
%             ^^^^  Normalsize, Flushleft, Unindented, Underlined
%       \levelfive{...}
%             ^^^^  Normalsize, Flushleft, Indented, Underlined
%                   followed by texts in the same line
%
%     However, you will *not* use \levelone{...}, \leveltwo{...}, etc.
%     in your document. Instead, you will use \section*[...]{...},
%      \subsection*[...]{...}, etc. Read the following notes.
%
%     Note: According to the APA manual (p. 66), Level One & Two
%           Headings are NOT boldfaced. To strictly enforce
%           APA requirements, remove \bf in \levelone and \leveltwo
%           macros.
%
%  C. If you don't like spaces before and after section headings,
%     modify \b@level@one@skip, \e@level@one@skip,
%     \b@level@two@skip, \e@level@two@skip, etc.
%     See comments around their definitions.
%
%  D. Level 3, 4, and 5 underlines are placed by \ULine{...}
%     of ulem.sty ((C) Donald Arseneau) that is attached in the
%     end of this file. This is because \ULine allows line
%     breaks, while \underbar{...} and \underline{...} do not,
%     when the heading is longer than the \textwidth (minus 8em).
%     If you don't like the way \ULine places underlines,
%     (1) replace \ULine in \levelthree, \levelfour, and \levelfive macros
%     with \underbar or \underline. In that case, however, if the heading
%     is long, LaTeX will complain about overfull \hbox; alternatively
%     (2) modify and improve `ulem.sty' and send me a copy (thanks).
%
%  E. The APA manual suggests 6 ways of using heading levels:
%     \OneLevelHeading:   \section       = \leveltwo (toc)
%     \TwoLevelHeading:   \section       = \leveltwo (toc)
%                         \subsection    = \levelfour (toc)
%     \TwoLevelHeadingA:  \section       = \leveltwo (toc)
%                         \subsection    = \levelfive
%     \ThreeLevelHeading: \section       = \leveltwo (toc)
%                         \subsection    = \levelfour (toc)
%                         \subsubsection = \levelfive
%     \FourLevelHeading:  \section       = \leveltwo (toc)
%                         \subsection    = \levelthree (toc)
%                         \subsubsection = \levelfour (toc)
%                         \paragraph     = \levelfive
%     \FiveLevelHeading:  \section       = \levelone (toc)
%                         \subsection    = \leveltwo (toc)
%                         \subsubsection = \levelthree (toc)
%                         \paragraph     = \levelfour
%                         \subparagraph  = \levelfive
%
%  F. \section{AAA}: AAA = heading, page head, table of contents
%     \section*{AAA}: AAA = heading
%     \section[BBB]{AAA}: AAA = heading; BBB = page head, table of contents
%
%     \subsection{AAA}: AAA = heading, table of contents
%     \subsection*{AAA}: AAA = heading
%     \subsection[BBB]{AAA}: AAA = heading; BBB = table of contents
%
%     (Exception: When \TwoLevelHeadingA is used -
%      \subsection{AAA}: AAA = heading
%      \subsection*{AAA} - not allowed
%      \subsection[BBB]{AAA} - not allowed)
%     
%     \subsubsection{AAA}: AAA = heading, table of contents
%     \subsubsection*{AAA}: AAA = heading
%     \subsubsection[BBB]{AAA}: AAA = heading; BBB = table of contents
%
%     (Exception: When \ThreeLevelHeading is used -
%      \subsubsection{AAA}: AAA = heading
%      \subsubsection*{AAA} - not allowed
%      \subsubsection[BBB]{AAA} - not allowed)
%
%     \paragraph{AAA}: AAA = heading
%
%     \subparagraph{AAA}: AAA = heading
%
%%%%%
% [6] APA Seriations
%
%  A. seriate environment:
%     For example, the following:
%
%        Blah blah blah
%        \begin{seriate}
%        \item first item,
%        \item second item.
%        \end{seriate}
%        Blah blah blah
%
%      results in:
%
%        Blah blah blah (a) first item, (b) second item.  Blah blah blah
%
%  B. APAenumerate environment
%     For example, the following:
%
%        Blah blah blah
%        \begin{APAenumerate}
%        \item first item ... ... ... continue continue
%        \item second item ... ... ... continue continue
%        \end{APAenumerate}
%        Blah blah blah
%
%      results in:
%
%        Blah blah blah
%            1. first item ... ... ...
%        continue continue
%            2. second item ... ... ...
%        continue continue
%        Blah blah blah
%
%  C. APAitemize environment
%     For example, the following:
%
%        Blah blah blah
%        \begin{APAitemize}
%        \item first item ... ... ... continue continue
%        \item second item ... ... ... continue continue
%        \end{APAitemize}
%        Blah blah blah
%
%      results in:
%
%        Blah blah blah
%            o  first item ... ... ...
%        continue continue
%            o  second item ... ... ...
%        continue continue
%        Blah blah blah
%
%%%%%
% [7] Others
%
%  A. If you use a language other than English,
%     You probably want to change reference and bibliography names.
%     Defaults are English names:
%
%     e.g. \def\refname{Reference}
%     e.g. \def\bibname{Bibliography}
%
%     Place those definitions on the top of your document or
%     before \bibliography or \begin{thebibliography}.
%
%  B. As default, BibTeX changes cases of article titles.
%
%     e.g. Your Entry in xxx.bib: Formal Representation of ZZZ
%          Your will get:         Formal representation of zzz
%     e.g. Your Entry in xxx.bib: Formal Representation of {ZZZ}
%          Your will get:         Formal representation of ZZZ
%
%     If you don't want to change cases of article title, see
%     Version 2.5 Update Notes in `theapa.bst'.
%
%  C. `mastersreport', `dbathesis', `eddthesis' added in theapa.bst.
%      Why? - Some schools also allow master's report as well as
%              master's thesis.
%           - DBA (Doctor of Business Administration) and
%             Ed.D. (Doctor of Education) are also popluar
%             doctoral degrees.
%
%  D. Underlined (not italic) book titles, etc.
%     - A few journal publication editors and schools,
%       who do not appreciate new electronic typesetting and
%       desktop publishing technologies, require underlined
%       book titles, etc.
%     - To do this, I included `ulem.sty' (C) 1989 by Donald Arseneau.
%     - `\UnderlinedBemOnly' underlines book titles, etc. in Reference.
%       `\UnderlinedEm' replaces emphasized texts by underlined texts
%                       both in the body and references of your document.
%
%  E. Not implemented yet (!): to be implemented soon
%     - None
%
%  F. Not implemented: I don't know if I can do in the near future !!! ;-)
%     - Same last name but different people
%
%          (C. Lewis, 1958; D. Lewis, 1973)
%           ^               ^
%  G. NO GUARANTEE, absolutely (You know what I mean.)
%
%  H. Bug and/or suggestion reports
%     - Your bug and/or suggestion report(s) is (are) welcome(d).
%     - E-mail me:
%
%             young@emx.utexas.edu (Internet)
%             ^^^^^
%             youngr@utxvm (Bitnet)
%                  ^
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\typeout{APA Citation (& Optional APA Heading) Style - Version 2.5.1 (5/92)}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% PART I: APA CITATION %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% cite punctuations %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\BBOP{(}                % open parenthesis
\def\BBAA{\&}               % between authors in parenthesis and ref. sec.
\def\BBAB{and}              % between authors in text
\def\BBAY{, }               % between author(s) and year
\def\BBC{; }                % between cites
\def\BBN{, }                % before note
\def\BBCP{)}                % closing parenthesis
\def\BBOQ{}                 % open quote for article title
\def\BBCQ{.}                % closing quote for article title
%
\def\BBA{\BBAA}
%
\def\citepunct#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9{%
    \def\BBOP{#1}
    \def\BBAA{#2}
    \def\BBAB{#3}
    \def\BBAY{#4}
    \def\BBC{#5}
    \def\BBN{#6}
    \def\BBCP{#7}
    \def\BBOQ{#8}
    \def\BBCQ{#9}
    \def\BBA{\BBAA}}
%
\def\BBACOMMA{,}           % comma between authors in ref. sec
                           % when no. of authors = 2
\def\NoCommaBetweenTwoAuthors{\def\BBACOMMA{}}
%
\let\Bem\em

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% cite labels %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\BED{ (Ed.)}                % editor
\def\BEDS{ (Eds.)}              % editors
\def\BVOL{Vol.}                 % volume name
\def\BNUM{No.}                  % number name
\def\BEd{edition}               % edition
\def\BPG{p.}                    % page
\def\BPGS{pp.}                  % pages
\def\BCH{chap.}                 % chapter
\def\BTR{Tech.\ rep.}           % (default) technical report type name

\def\citelabels#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9{%
     \def\BED{#1}                % editor
     \def\BEDS{#2}
     \def\BVOL{#3}
     \def\BNUM{#4}
     \def\BEd{#5}                % edition
     \def\BPG{#6}
     \def\BPGS{#7}
     \def\BCH{#8}
     \def\BTR{#9}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Upper or Lowercase article titles %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% \BUcase is dropped in theapa.bst Version 2.5.
% The following three lines are not required in Version 2.5.
% They are here temporally to maintain some compatibility with
% Version 2.4; but will be removed in the next revision.
\def\@Ucase#1{\uppercase{#1}}
\def\BUcase#1{\lowercase{\@Ucase #1}}
\def\NoTitleCaseChange{\def\BUcase##1{##1}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% citations %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\def\BBA{\BBAA}\item[\@biblabel{#1}]\if@filesw
      { \def\BBA{\string\BBA}%
        \def\protect##1{\string ##1\space}\immediate
        \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}%
        \def\BBA{\BBAA}}\fi\ignorespaces}

% Year is separately handled by \Y<citation key>
\def\bibcite#1#2{\global\expandafter\def\csname b@#1\endcsname{#2}% names
    \global\expandafter\def\csname Y@#1\endcsname{\@year@#2}}% year
\def\@year@\BCAY#1#2#3{#3}

% first author of a multi-author reference?
\newif\if@F@cite\@F@citetrue

%
% \cite<prefix>[postfix]{keys}
% \fullcite<prefix>[postfix]{keys}
% \shortcite<prefix>[postfix]{keys}
%       writes \citation{keys} on .aux
%       produces (prefix Authors1, Year1; Authors2, Year2; ..., postfix)
%
\def\cite{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<{\@cite}{\@cite<>}}

\def\fullcite{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
    \@ifnextchar<{\@cite}{\@cite<>}}

\def\shortcite{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
    \@ifnextchar<{\@cite}{\@cite<>}}

\def\@cite<#1>{\@ifnextchar[{\def\@BBN{\BBN}\@@cite<#1>}%
                             {\def\@BBN{\ignorespaces}\@@cite<#1>[]}}
\def\@@cite<#1>[#2]#3{%
    \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#3}}\fi%
    \edef\@citeP{}%
    \BBOP{\ignorespaces#1\space}%
    \@theapadf{#3}% --bg
    {\@BBN #2}\BBCP%
    \@F@citetrue}

%
% \citeA[postfix]{keys}
% \fullciteA[postfix]{keys}
% \shortciteA[postfix]{keys}
%       writes \citation{keys} on .aux
%       produces Authors1 (Year1), ..., AuthorN (YearN, postfix)
%

\def\citeA{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}%
           \@ifnextchar[{\def\@BBN{\BBN}\@citeA}%
                        {\def\@BBN{\ignorespaces}\@citeA[]}}

\def\fullciteA{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}%
           \@ifnextchar[{\def\@BBN{\BBN}\@citeA}%
                        {\def\@BBN{\ignorespaces}\@citeA[]}}

\def\shortciteA{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}%
           \@ifnextchar[{\def\@BBN{\BBN}\@citeA}%
                        {\def\@BBN{\ignorespaces}\@citeA[]}}

\def\@citeA[#1]#2{%
    \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi%
    \edef\@citeP{}%
    \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
    \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}%
     {\expandafter\def\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \expandafter\def\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \@warning{Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined}%
     }%
     {\@ifundefined{flag@\@citeb}%
      {\global\expandafter\def\csname flag@\@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
       \def\BCA##1##2{##1}}%
      {\def\BCA##1##2{##2}}%
     }%
    \edef\B@my@dummy{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    \ifx\@citeP\B@my@dummy%
        \if@F@cite\@F@citefalse\else{,\ }\fi%
        \csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
    \else%
        \if@F@cite\@F@citefalse\else{\BBCP,\ }\fi%
        \def\BBA{\BBAB}%
        \csname b@\@citeb\endcsname\ \BBOP\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
    \fi%
    \edef\@citeP{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    }{\@BBN #1}\BBCP%
    \@F@citetrue}

%
% \citeauthor{keys}
% \fullciteauthor{keys}
% \shortciteauthor{keys}
%       writes \citation{keys} on .aux
%       produces Authors1, ..., AuthorN
%

\def\citeauthor{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##2}}\@citeauthor}

\def\fullciteauthor{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##1}{##1}}\@citeauthor}

\def\shortciteauthor{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{\BCA{##2}{##2}}\@citeauthor}

\def\@citeauthor#1{%
    \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#1}}\fi%
    \edef\@citeP{}%
    \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
    \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}%
     {\expandafter\def\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \expandafter\def\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \@warning{Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined}%
     }%
     {\@ifundefined{flag@\@citeb}%
      {\global\expandafter\def\csname flag@\@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
       \def\BCA##1##2{##1}}%
      {\def\BCA##1##2{##2}}%
     }%
    \edef\B@my@dummy{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    \ifx\@citeP\B@my@dummy%
    \else%
        \if@F@cite\@F@citefalse\else{,\ }\fi%
        \def\BBA{\BBAB}%
        \csname b@\@citeb\endcsname%\ \BBOP\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
    \fi%
    \edef\@citeP{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    }%
    \@F@citetrue}

% These definitions use "<" which might be active. So we can load it again --bg
% with \theapa after the begin of LaTeX document. --bg
\def\theapa{\makeatletter\input theapadf.sty\makeatother}% --bg
% Worst the ":" might be active too. --bg
\def\@theapadf#1{%
    \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
    \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}%
     {\expandafter\def\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \expandafter\def\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \@warning{Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined}%
     }%
     {\@ifundefined{flag@\@citeb}%
      {\global\expandafter\def\csname flag@\@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}%
       \def\BCA##1##2{##1}}%
      {\def\BCA##1##2{##2}}%
     }%
    \edef\B@my@dummy{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    \ifx\@citeP\B@my@dummy%
        \if@F@cite\@F@citefalse\else{,\ }\fi%
        \csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
    \else%
        \if@F@cite\@F@citefalse\else{\BBC}\fi%
        \edef\@cite@undefined{?}%
        \ifx\@cite@undefined\B@my@dummy%
          \csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
        \else%
          \def\BBA{\BBAA}%
          \csname b@\@citeb\endcsname\BBAY\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
        \fi%
    \fi%
    \edef\@citeP{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    }}% \theapadf
%
% \citeyear[postfix]{keys}
%       writes \citation{keys} on .aux
%       produces (Year1, ..., YearN, postfix)
%

\def\citeyear{\def\BCAY##1##2##3{}%
           \@ifnextchar[{\def\@BBN{\BBN}\@citeyear}%
                        {\def\@BBN{\ignorespaces}\@citeyear[]}}

\def\@citeyear[#1]#2{%
    \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi%
    \edef\@citeP{}%
    \BBOP\@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
    \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}%
     {\expandafter\def\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \expandafter\def\csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname{?}%
      \@warning{Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined}%
     }%
     {\@ifundefined{flag@\@citeb}%
      {\global\expandafter\def\csname flag@\@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}}%
      {}%
     }%
    \edef\B@my@dummy{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    \if@F@cite\@F@citefalse\else{,\ }\fi%
    \csname Y@\@citeb\endcsname%
    \edef\@citeP{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
    }{\@BBN #1}\BBCP%
    \@F@citetrue}

\def\nocite#1{\@bsphack%
    \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#1}}\fi%
    \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{%
    \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}%
    {\edef\B@my@dummy{*}%
     \ifx\@citeb\B@my@dummy\else
     \@warning{Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined}\fi}%
    {\global\expandafter\def\csname flag@\@citeb\endcsname{DUMMY}}}%
    \@esphack}

%
% To maintain compatibility with Version 2.4
% \citeB = \citeA
% \fullciteB = \fullciteA
% \shortciteB = \shortciteA
% \citeC = \citeauthor
% \fullciteC = \fullciteauthor
% \shortciteC = \shortciteauthor

\let\citeB=\citeA
\let\fullciteB=\fullciteA
\let\shortciteB=\shortciteA

\let\citeC=\citeauthor
\let\fullciteC=\fullciteauthor
\let\shortciteC=\shortciteauthor

%
% No labels in the bibliography.
\def\@biblabel#1{}
\newskip{\bibleftmargin}
\bibleftmargin=2.5em
%
%\def\refname{Reference}                %<------------------------------------
%\def\bibname{Bibliography}
%
\def\thebibliography#1{%
     \@ifundefined{chapter}%
       {\section*{\refname}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{\refname}}{\uppercase{\refname}}
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname}}%
       {\chapter*{\bibname}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{\bibname}}{\uppercase{\bibname}}
        \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\bibname}}
     \list
     {\relax}{\labelsep=0em
              \leftmargin=\bibleftmargin
              \itemindent=-\bibleftmargin}
     \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em}
     \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
     \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\let\endthebibliography=\endlist

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% PART II: APA SECTION HEADING & SERIATION %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%
% \apa@startsection{Heading Indent}{Beforeskip}{Afterskip}{Heading}
%
\def\apa@startsection#1#2#3{\@startsection{}{}{#1}{#2}{#3}{\relax}*}

%
% \b@level@LEVEL-NO@skip
%       Skip before heading: If >= 0, the following par is NOT indented.
%                            If < 0, it is indented.
%                            \b@level@LEVEL-NO@skip = vertical skip
%
% \e@level@LEVEL-NO@skip
%       Skip after heading: If > 0, the following par starts in a new line;
%                               \e@level@LEVEL-NO@skip = vertical skip
%                           If <= 0, it starts just after the heading;
%                               \e@level@LEVEL-NO@skip = horizontal skip
%
\newskip\b@level@one@skip   \b@level@one@skip=2.5ex plus 1ex minus .2ex
\newskip\e@level@one@skip   \e@level@one@skip=1.5ex plus .6ex minus .1ex
\newskip\b@level@two@skip   \b@level@two@skip=2.5ex plus 1ex minus .2ex
\newskip\e@level@two@skip   \e@level@two@skip=1.5ex plus .6ex minus .1ex
\newskip\b@level@three@skip \b@level@three@skip=2.0ex plus .8ex minus .2ex
\newskip\e@level@three@skip \e@level@three@skip=1.5ex plus .6ex minus .1ex
\newskip\b@level@four@skip  \b@level@four@skip=1.8ex plus .8ex minus .2ex
\newskip\e@level@four@skip  \e@level@four@skip=1.5ex plus .6ex minus .1ex
\newskip\b@level@five@skip  \b@level@five@skip=1.8ex plus .8ex minus .2ex
\newskip\e@level@five@skip  \e@level@five@skip=0ex

%
% (APA, p. 66)
% Level One:   Centered Boldface Uppercase Heading
% Level Two:   Centered Boldface Heading
% Level Three: Centered Underlined Heading
% Level Four:  Flushleft Underlined Heading occuping a whole line
% Level Five:  Intended Underlined Heading followed by texts in the same line
%
% NOTE: According to the APA manual, Level One & Two headings are 
%       NOT boldfaced. If you want to follow the manual strictly,
%       remove \bf in \levelone and \leveltwo macros.
%
\def\levelone#1{\apa@startsection%
    {\z@}{\b@level@one@skip}{\e@level@one@skip}%
    {\leftskip4em plus 1fill\rightskip\leftskip\parindent\z@\relax%
     \bf\uppercase\expandafter{#1}}}    % <- \bf
\def\leveltwo#1{\apa@startsection%
    {\z@}{\b@level@two@skip}{\e@level@two@skip}%
    {\leftskip4em plus 1fill\rightskip\leftskip\parindent\z@\relax%
     \bf #1}}                           % <- \bf
\def\levelthree#1{\apa@startsection%
    {\z@}{\b@level@three@skip}{\e@level@three@skip}%
    {\leftskip4em plus 1fill\rightskip\leftskip\parindent\z@\relax%
    \ULine{#1}}}
\def\levelfour#1{\apa@startsection%
    {\z@}{\b@level@four@skip}{\e@level@four@skip}{\ULine{#1}}}
\def\levelfive#1{\apa@startsection%
    {\parindent}{\b@level@five@skip}{\e@level@five@skip}{\ULine{#1}.}}

%
% Selecting the Levels of Headings (APA, pp. 66-67)
%

% One Level
\def\OneLevelHeading{%
    \def\section{\@ifnextchar*{\@sections}%
                {\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionb}{\@section}}}%
    \def\@sections*##1{\leveltwo{##1}}%
    \def\@sectionb[##1]##2{\leveltwo{##2}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
    \def\@section##1{\leveltwo{##1}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
}

% Two Levels
\def\TwoLevelHeading{%
    \def\section{\@ifnextchar*{\@sections}%
                {\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionb}{\@section}}}%
    \def\@sections*##1{\leveltwo{##1}}%
    \def\@sectionb[##1]##2{\leveltwo{##2}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
    \def\@section##1{\leveltwo{##1}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
%
    \def\subsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsections}%
                   {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsectionb}{\@subsection}}}%
    \def\@subsections*##1{\levelfour{##1}}%
    \def\@subsectionb[##1]##2{\levelfour{##2}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
    \def\@subsection##1{\levelfour{##1}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
}

% Two Levels - Variation
\def\TwoLevelHeadingA{%
    \def\section{\@ifnextchar*{\@sections}%
                {\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionb}{\@section}}}%
    \def\@sections*##1{\leveltwo{##1}}%
    \def\@sectionb[##1]##2{\leveltwo{##2}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
    \def\@section##1{\leveltwo{##1}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
%
    \let\subsection=\levelfive%
}

% Three Levels
\def\ThreeLevelHeading{%
    \def\section{\@ifnextchar*{\@sections}%
                {\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionb}{\@section}}}%
    \def\@sections*##1{\leveltwo{##1}}%
    \def\@sectionb[##1]##2{\leveltwo{##2}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
    \def\@section##1{\leveltwo{##1}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
%
    \def\subsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsections}%
                   {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsectionb}{\@subsection}}}%
    \def\@subsections*##1{\levelfour{##1}}%
    \def\@subsectionb[##1]##2{\levelfour{##2}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
    \def\@subsection##1{\levelfour{##1}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
%
    \let\subsubsection=\levelfive
% If you want subsubsection headings listed in the table of contents
% remove the above \let\subsub... and uncomment the following.
%    \def\subsubsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsubsections}%
%                      {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsubsectionb}{\@subsubsection}}}%
%    \def\@subsubsections*##1{\levelfive{##1}}%
%    \def\@subsubsectionb[##1]##2{\levelfive{##2}%
%        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{##1}}%
%    \def\@subsubsection##1{\levelfive{##1}%
%        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{##1}}%
}

% Four Levels
\def\FourLevelHeading{%
    \def\section{\@ifnextchar*{\@sections}%
                {\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionb}{\@section}}}%
    \def\@sections*##1{\leveltwo{##1}}%
    \def\@sectionb[##1]##2{\leveltwo{##2}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
    \def\@section##1{\leveltwo{##1}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
%
    \def\subsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsections}%
                   {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsectionb}{\@subsection}}}%
    \def\@subsections*##1{\levelthree{##1}}%
    \def\@subsectionb[##1]##2{\levelthree{##2}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
    \def\@subsection##1{\levelthree{##1}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
%
    \def\subsubsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsubsections}%
                      {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsubsectionb}{\@subsubsection}}}%
    \def\@subsubsections*##1{\levelfour{##1}}%
    \def\@subsubsectionb[##1]##2{\levelfour{##2}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{##1}}%
    \def\@subsubsection##1{\levelfour{##1}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{##1}}%
%
    \let\paragraph=\levelfive%
}

% Five Levels
\def\FiveLevelHeading{%
    \def\section{\@ifnextchar*{\@sections}%
                {\@ifnextchar[{\@sectionb}{\@section}}}%
    \def\@sections*##1{\levelone{##1}}%
    \def\@sectionb[##1]##2{\levelone{##2}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
    \def\@section##1{\levelone{##1}%
        \@mkboth{\uppercase{##1}}{\uppercase{##1}}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{##1}}%
%
    \def\subsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsections}%
                   {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsectionb}{\@subsection}}}%
    \def\@subsections*##1{\leveltwo{##1}}%
    \def\@subsectionb[##1]##2{\leveltwo{##2}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
    \def\@subsection##1{\leveltwo{##1}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{##1}}%
%
    \def\subsubsection{\@ifnextchar*{\@subsubsections}%
                      {\@ifnextchar[{\@subsubsectionb}{\@subsubsection}}}%
    \def\@subsubsections*##1{\levelthree{##1}}%
    \def\@subsubsectionb[##1]##2{\levelthree{##2}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{##1}}%
    \def\@subsubsection##1{\levelthree{##1}%
        \addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{##1}}%
%
    \let\paragraph=\levelfour%
    \let\subparagraph=\levelfive%
}

%
% Seriations (pp. 66-68): ONE level of seriation only.
%  \begin{seriate} \item ... \end{seriate}
%           within a paragraph or sentence
%  \begin{APAenumerate} \item ... \end{APAenumerate}
%           at the start of each paragraph in a series
%           with enumeration
%  \begin{APAitemize} \item ... \end{APAitemize}
%           at the start of each paragraph in a series
%           without enumeration
%

% Refer to LaTeX book to modify, if you want, spaces before and after of
%  \begin{...} ... \end{...} or spaces between \item-s.
\newcounter{APAenum}
\newskip\@text@par@indent
\def\APAenumerate{\@text@par@indent\parindent\setbox0\hbox{1. }%
    \list{\arabic{APAenum}.}{\usecounter{APAenum}
    \labelwidth\z@\labelsep\z@\leftmargin\z@\parsep\z@
    \rightmargin\z@\itemsep\z@\topsep\z@\partopsep\z@
    \itemindent\@text@par@indent\advance\itemindent by\wd0
    \def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1 }}}}
\let\endAPAenumerate=\endlist

\def\seriate{\@bsphack\begingroup%
   \setcounter{APAenum}{0}%
   \def\item{\addtocounter{APAenum}{1}(\alph{APAenum})\space}%
   \ignorespaces}
\def\endseriate{\endgroup\@esphack}

\def\APAitemize{\@text@par@indent\parindent\setbox0\hbox{$\bullet$}%
    \list{$\bullet$}{%
    \labelwidth\z@\labelsep.5em\leftmargin\z@\parsep\z@
    \rightmargin\z@\itemsep\z@\topsep\z@\partopsep\z@
    \itemindent\@text@par@indent
    \advance\itemindent by\wd0\advance\itemindent by.5em
    \def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}}}
\let\endAPAitemize=\endlist

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% PART III: UNDELINE STUFF (ulem.sty) %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% ulem.sty - Copyright (c) 1989 by Donald Arseneau                     %
%                                                                      %
%  These macros may be freely transmitted, reproduced, or modified for %
%  non-commercial purposes provided that this notice is left intact.   %
%  (Donald Arseneau's Copyright Notice)                                %
%                                                                      %
%  Comments on macros are removed. Please refer to the ulem.sty file   %
%  for detailed macros.                                                %
%                                                                      %
%  Two ways to underline texts:                                        %
%     {\ULem Blah Blah Blah}                                           %
%     ^                    ^                                           %
%     \ULine{Blah Blah Blah}                                           %
%           ^              ^                                           %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\ULem{\let\em\LA@em
   \expandafter\UL@on\expandafter{\ifnum0=`}\fi}
\def\ULine{\bgroup\UL@on}
\let\LA@em\em

%\let\em\ULem
%\def\normalem{\let\em\LA@em}

% The above 2 lines are replaced with the following 2 lines by Young Ryu.
\def\UnderlinedBemOnly{\let\Bem\ULem}
\def\UnderlinedEm{\let\em\ULem \let\Bem\ULem}

\newbox\UL@hyphenbox
\newbox\UL@box
\newcount\UL@spfactor
\newcount\UL@penalty
\newskip\UL@skip
\newdimen\UL@lht
\newdimen\UL@ldp

\let\LA@space\ \let\LA@hskip\hskip

\def\UL@end*{\relax\relax}

\def\UL@on#1{\leavevmode\everymath{\UL@hrest}\let\-\UL@dischyp
    \let\ \UL@space \let\hskip\UL@hskip
    \setbox\UL@box\hbox{(}\UL@ldp\dp\UL@box \UL@lht-\UL@ldp\advance\UL@lht.4\p@
    \setbox\UL@hyphenbox\hbox{\setbox\UL@box\hbox{-}\UL@putbox}%
    \UL@word#1\global\UL@spfactor\spacefactor{} \UL@end* }

\let\UL@unegroup\@empty

\def\UL@start{\setbox\UL@box\hbox\bgroup\everyhbox{\UL@hrest}%
    \let\UL@start\@empty \let\UL@putbox\@empty \let\UL@unegroup\bgroup
    \kern-3sp\kern3sp}

\def\UL@stop{\global\UL@penalty\lastpenalty
   \ifdim\lastkern=3sp \egroup
      \ifdim\wd\UL@box=\z@
      \else \UL@putbox \fi
   \else
      \egroup \UL@putbox
   \fi\UL@unegroup}

\def\UL@putbox{{\UL@skip\wd\UL@box \advance\UL@skip\UL@pixel
   \vrule \@height\UL@lht \@depth\UL@ldp \@width\UL@skip
   \kern-\UL@skip}\box\UL@box
   \ifnum\UL@penalty=\z@ \else \penalty\UL@penalty \fi}

\def\UL@word#1 {\UL@start#1 \ifx\UL@end#1\egroup
      \unkern \unskip
      \spacefactor\UL@spfactor \let\UL@word\egroup
   \else
      \ifmmode\else \ifdim\lastskip=\z@\else
          \global\UL@skip\lastskip \unskip
          \UL@stop \UL@leaders
      \fi\fi
   \fi \UL@word}

\newdimen\UL@pixel \UL@pixel=0.0033333truein

\def\UL@leaders{{\advance \UL@skip \UL@pixel
   \leaders\hrule \@height\UL@lht \@depth\UL@ldp\LA@hskip\UL@skip
   \kern-\UL@pixel}}

\def\UL@hskip{\afterassignment\UL@reskip \global\UL@skip}

\def\UL@reskip{\UL@stop \UL@leaders \UL@start}

\def\UL@hrest{\let\hskip\LA@hskip \let\ \LA@space \let\-\UL@dischyp}

\def\UL@space{\LA@space \global\UL@skip\lastskip \unskip \UL@reskip}

\def\UL@dischyp{\penalty\z@
               \UL@stop \discretionary{\copy\UL@hyphenbox}{}{}\UL@start}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of ulem.sty %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%